Paragraph Writing

There are two structures to learn in English that are important in writing: the sentence and the paragraph. Paragraphs can be described as a collection of sentences. These sentences combine to express a specific idea, main point, topic and so on. A number of paragraphs are then combined to write a report, an essay, or even a book. This guide to writing paragraphs describe the basic structure of each paragraph you will write.In general, the purpose of a paragraph is to express one point, idea or opinion.For example: Students require more recreational time in order to better focus on lessons in class.This main idea is expressed through three sections of a paragraph:

1. Beginning - Introduce your idea.
2. Middle - Explain your idea.
3. End - Make your point again, transition to next paragraph.

Here is a paragraph taken from an essay on various strategies required for an overall improvement of student performance:

Students require more recreational time in order to better focus on lessons in class. In fact, studies have shown that students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes consistently score better on tests immediately following the recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that physical exercise greatly improves the ability to focus on academic materials. Longer periods of recess are clearly required to allow students the best possible chances of success in their studies. Clearly, physical exercise is just one of the necessary ingredients for improving student scores on standardized tests.

There are four sentence types used to construct a paragraph:

1. Topic sentence 
One sentence which states your idea, point, or opinion. This sentence should use a strong verb and make a bold statement.

For example: Students require more recreational time in order to better focus on lessons in class.

Note: Notice the strong verb 'require' which is a call to action. A weaker form of this sentence might be: I think students probably need more recreational time ... This weaker form is inappropriate for a topic sentence.

2. Supporting sentences
Supporting sentences (notice the plural) provide explanations and support for the topic sentence (main idea) of your paragraph. 

For example: In fact, studies have shown that students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes consistently score better on tests immediately following the recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that physical exercise greatly improves the ability to focus on academic materials.

Note: Supporting sentences provide the evidence for your topic sentence. Supporting sentences that include facts, statistics and logical reasoning are much more convincing that simple statements of opinion.

3. Concluding sentence
The concluding sentence restates the main idea (found in your topic sentence) and reinforces the point or opinion.

For example: Longer periods of recess are clearly required to allow students the best possible chances of success in their studies.

Note: Concluding sentences repeat the main idea of your paragraph in different words.

4. Transitional sentence
The transitional sentence prepares the reader for the following paragraph.

For example: Clearly, physical exercise is just one of the necessary ingredients for improving student scores on standardized tests.

Note: Transitional sentences should help readers logically understand the connection between your current main idea, point or opinion and the main idea of your next paragraph. In this instance, the phrase 'just one of the necessary ingredients ...' prepares the reader for the next paragraph which will discuss another necessary ingredient for success.

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Adjectives+Noun Phrase

You should give some examples of adjectives+noun phrases.

The folowing is the example: a big dog, an expensive car, a brilliant student, a dirty skirt, etc.

You may contribute some more examples and then ask your female students to write the adjectives in column A, while your male students should write the nouns in column B, so it will be like this: 

A red                                                 student
A stupid                                             worker
A beautiful                                          car
A simple                                             lady
An expensive                                      house
An easy                                              problem

Then they volunteer ideas for different combinations, for example: a stupid lady you draw a line to join the two words. See how many adjectives + nouns phrases they can make.

If someone make unusual combinations, they have to justify it. Can you justify  a red worker or a stupid car?

Column A                                               Column B

Note

After they give some examples in writing, give the students sometime to practice orally. You say: " Expensive house" one of your students might say: " My mother bought an expensive house a year ago".

Candles and Oxygen

In addition to any fire turns living creatures need oxygen, 
Through these exciting games or we can prove that the fire needs air.

Materials and tools: 
1. candles, 
2. plates,
3. glasses,
4. matches, 
5. dyes. 

Procedures:
1. First you turn on a candle and place on plate, then take the glass and close the wax using the glass
2. See what happens .. yes ... the candle outages. 
3. To enliven the atmosphere if done in class before the candles on the lid invite students to do hipoitesa with questions.

After the experiment above, we proceed with the following experiment in which we can prove that there really air out when the candle of life.
Still with candles and dishes before, the input of water into the dish, give it a little dye to facilitate observation. Turn on the candle, and then do the same experiment with the above, observe what happens .... and ... .... water is sucked into a glass dish.
Rising water in a glass to prove that that air is lost because it is used in the combustion process so that the empty space is replaced by water.

Naked Egg

Ever see the contents of the egg without breaking?

Through the following experiment where you can see how to view the content without breaking eggs .. how easy ..egg naked let's get started:


Tools and materials:
1. eggs
2. glass
3. citric acid or vinegar


Procedure:
1. Fill glass with water until half full.
2. Add 2 tablespoons of citric acid and stir until dissolved
3. Enter a quail egg into a glass and let some time
4. This experiment can also use the vinegar solution eat


Oooo .. What happened ..Outer skin to peel eggs and turn into white.


Let's find out yes ...


Egg shell is made of a substance called calcium. This substance will change when mixed with citric acid. The result is carbon dioxide gas. That is why you see no bubbles in the glass. Gas is more and more. Because it is lighter than water, gas moves upward, lifting egg.

Change starts from the outermost egg. That is why the skin with brown spots off first. As a result, the egg into the net. If the egg continues to be soaked, then the skin will come off. well now you try to soak the egg task longer what will happen.


Note:
to facilitate a mixture of citric acid can be replaced with regular eating vinegar.